A PID controller takes the difference between where a process is and where you want it to be (the error), then computes a corrective output using three weighted terms — proportional, integral, and derivative — and feeds that output back Read More
An RTD (resistance temperature detector) measures temperature by tracking how the resistance of a platinum element rises with temperature. A thermocouple measures temperature by reading the millivolt signal produced when two dissimilar metal wires join at a hot end. Same Read More
A magnetic flow meter (magmeter) measures conductive liquid by Faraday’s law: when fluid moves through a magnetic field generated by the meter’s coils, electrodes pick up a voltage proportional to velocity. The physics is unforgiving — an air bubble at Read More
Updated 2026-05-11 by the Sino-Inst engineering team. A shaft torque sensor sits between a motor and the load and reads the twisting force on the rotating shaft. The output is a 4-20 mA, frequency, CAN, or RS485 signal that a Read More
Updated 2026-05-11 by the Sino-Inst engineering team. A density meter measures the mass per unit volume of a liquid, slurry, or gas, usually in real time and at process pressure. The reading is what you bill on, what you blend Read More
Updated 2026-05-11 by the Sino-Inst engineering team. A dew point meter for compressed air reports the pressure dew point (PDP) — the temperature at which water vapour condenses out of the air at line pressure. That single number decides whether Read More
Updated: May 10, 2026 — by Sino-Inst Engineering Team For shaft-mounted sensing on rotating drivetrains — strain gauge, SAW, magnetoelastic, and the maintenance/diagnostic playbook — see our shaft torque sensor guide. A torque transducer turns mechanical torque on a shaft Read More
Updated: May 10, 2026 — by Sino-Inst Engineering Team The density of crude oil spans roughly 790 kg/m³ for light condensates to 1,000+ kg/m³ for extra-heavy bitumen, but the oil density you read at the wellhead, in the storage tank, Read More
Updated: May 10, 2026 — by Sino-Inst Engineering Team A zirconia oxygen sensor reads the O₂ partial pressure in a hot gas stream by exploiting yttria-stabilised zirconia, an oxide ceramic that becomes an O²⁻-ion conductor above ~600 °C. In flue-gas Read More
Contents Six technologies for powder level measurement Why powders are harder than liquids Radar for powders: 80 GHz, 26 GHz, and guided wave Vibrating fork and rotary paddle for point level Capacitive, RF-admittance, and ultrasonic alternatives Point level vs continuous Read More
